تتخذ العناصر و الفراغات العمرانيه اشكال كثيره بتوزيعات عديده كالتالي:
• النموذج المركزي centralized form:-
Central dominant space about which a number of secondary-spaces are grouped
يوجد فراغ Space وهو فراغ صريح بحت ويوجد Secondary Space وهى فراغات ثانوية تخدم وظيفة الفراغ الرئيسى وتكون أصغر فى الوظيفة و قد يكون هذا الفراغ الرئيسي فناء مدرسة او قاعه رئيسيه و حولها فراغات فرعية
• النموذج الخطي linear form:-
A linear sequence of repeative spaces
وهو يتكون من مجموعه من الفراغات المرتبه علي هيئة صف بتتابع معين او هو تسلسل خطي لفراغات متكررة او هو مسار مستقيم و تاخذ أي شكل فراغي و توجد
-النموذج الاشعاعي radial form:-
A Centeral spaces from which linear organization of space extend in radial manner.
وهو تجميع لل central مع ال linear
- تكوينات فراغية تمتد فى شكل اشعاعى من فراغ رئيسى مركزى
و هو تجميع لمجموعه من الفراغات بشكل متقارب من جهه واحده.
• النموذج الشبكيgrid form :-
• Spaces organized within the field astruction there dimentional grid
و هو عبارة عن شكل شبكي علاقاته مترابطه مع بعضها بطريقه ثلاثية الابعاد او هو تجميع شبكي متعامد للفراغات و العناصر
1. مركزيcentralized
و هو عباره عن فراغ رئيسي مركزي و حوله عدد من الاشكال الثانويه مجمعه مع بعض بطريقة ما و قد يكون هذا الفراغ الرئيسي فناء مدرسة او قاعه رئيسيه و حولها فراغات فرعية
و الفراغ الرئيسي له عدة اشكال كما بالشكل المقابل
2. خطي linear
و هو تسلسل خطي لفراغات متكررة او هو مسار مستقيم و تاخذ أي شكل فراغي و توجد بكثره في الفنادق و المستشفيات و المدارس .
3. اشعاعي radial
و هو تجميع لمجموعه من الفراغات بشكل متقارب من جهه واحده. ومن غير الضروري تجميع الفراغات بحيث تكون متماثلة في الشكل او الحجم و قد تجمع الفراغات و العناصر علي محور مثلما يكون في بهو مدخل
4. شبكي grid
هو تجميع شبكي متعامد للفراغات و العناصر مثل الشكل الانشائي للاعمدة في المباني
ADDETIVE FORMS
1- Centralized forms
centralized forms require the visual dominance of a geometrically regular, centrally located form, such as the sphere, cylinder, polyhedron .because of its centrality, these forms share the self-centering properties of the point and circle .they are ideal as freestanding structures, isolate within their context, dominating a point in space or occupying the center of a defined field .they can embody sacred or honorific places, or commemorate significant persons or events.
Yume-dono : eastern precinct
of horyu - ji temple
+
Tempetto, s.pietro in montorio , Rome 1503 danata bramante
S, Maria Della salute: Venice 1631-82 baldassare longhena
2- Linear forms
• Linear forms can result from a proportional change in a form's dimensions, or the arrangement of series of forms along a line. In the latter case, the series of forms may be repetitive, or they may be dissimilar in nature and organized by a separate and distinct element such as a wall or path.
• a linear form can be segmented or
Curvilinear to respond to conditions of its
Site such as topography, view, or vegetation.
• A linear form can be used to front or define an edge of an exterior space, or define a plane of entry to the spaces behind it.
• A linear form can be manipulated to enclose space.
• A linear form can be oriented vertically as tower element to fix a point in space.
• A linear form can act as an organizing element to which a variety of forms can be attached.
3- Radial forms
• A radial form consists of linear forms that extend outward from a centrally located core element in radiating manner. It combines the aspects f centrality and linearity into a single composition.
• The core is either the symbolic or functional center of the organization. Its central position can be articulated with a visually dominant form, or it can merge with and become subservient to the radiating arms.
• The radiating arms, having properties similar to those of linear forms, give a radial form its extroverted nature. They can reach out and relate or attach themselves to specific features of their site. They can expose their long surfaces to desirable conditions of sun, wind, view, or space.
• Radial forms can grow into a network where several centers are linked by linear forms.
• The organization of a radial form can best be seen and understood from an aerial view. When it’s viewed from ground level, its central core element may not be clearly visible, and the radiating pattern of its linear arms may be obscured or distorted through perspective.
4- Grid forms
• A grid can be defined as two or more intersecting sets of regularly spaced parallel lines. It generates a geometric pattern of regularly spaced pants "where the grid lines intersect" and regularly shaped fields "defined by the grid lines".
• The most common grid is based on the geometry of the square. Because of the equality of its dimensions and its bi-lateral symmetry, a square grid is essentially neutral, non-hierarchical, and non-directional. It can be used to break the scale of a surface down into measurable units and give it an even texture. It can be used to wrap several surfaces of a form and unify them with its repetitive and pervasive geometry.
• The square grid, when projected into the third dimension, generates a spatial network of reference points and lines. within this modular framework, any number of forms and spaces can be visually organized
5- Clustered forms
• While a centralized organization has a strong geometrical basis for the ordering of its forms, a clustered organization groups its forms according to functional requirements of size, shape or proximity. Lacking the introverted nature and geometrical regularity of centralized forms, a clustered organization is flexible enough to incorporate forms of various shapes, sizes, and orientations into its structure.
• considering the flexibility of clustered organizations, their forms may be organized in the following ways :
- they can be attached as appendages to a larger parent form or space
- They can be related by proximity alone to articulate and express their volumes as individual entities.
- They can interlock their volumes and merge into a single form that has a variety of faces.
• A clustered organization can also consist of forms that are generally equavalent in size, shape, and function. These forms are visually ordered into a coherent, non-hierarchical organization not only by their close proximity to one another, but also by the similarity of their visual properties.
الرئيسية 
